Soviet Camera | Online Baby Photo Contest

Tag-Archive for » soviet camera «

Rare Soviet Camera

22 Oct 2010 by admin

Rare Soviet Camera

NEW Kiev 88CM SOVIET RUSSIA RUSSIAN UKRAINIAN UKRAINE USSR Camera Lens
Paypal

US $444.44

VOSKHOD Very Rare Russian Camera GOMZ LOMO EXC
Paypal

US $159.00

RARE RUSSIAN USSR CAMERA SMENA 8M WITH BOX A105
Paypal

US $19.50

FED 2 Soviet old Russian camera Leica copy
Paypal

US $44.00

with Rare BROWN Case Smena 8m LOMOGRAPHY LOMO Camera
Paypal

US $14.99

Very Rare Russian Lomo camera Elektra 112 USSR
Paypal

US $49.99

Russian rare 35mm RF camera Zorki 6
Paypal

US $60.00

Smena 3 Russian 35mm camera LOMO RARE
Paypal

US $37.00

ZORKI 4 K camera with black Industar 50 lensEX
Paypal

US $79.50

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

Early life

Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stock broker John Vernou Bouvier III and Janet Norton Lee. Jacqueline had a younger sister, Caroline Lee, known as Lee, born in 1933. Her parents divorced in 1940 and her mother married Standard Oil heir Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr. in 1942. Through Janet's second marriage, Jacqueline gained a half sister and a half brother, Janet and James Auchincloss.

Her mother's family, the Lee's, were mostly of Irish descent, and her father, John Vernou Bouvier III was three-sixteenths French and the remainder English. Michel Bouvier, Jacqueline's great-great-grandfather, was born in France and was a contemporary of Joseph Bonaparte and Stephen Girard. He was a Philadelphia-based cabinetmaker, merchant and real estate speculator.[citation needed] Michel's wife, Louise Vernou was the daughter of John Vernou, a French migr tobacconist and Elizabeth Clifford Lindsay, an American born woman. Jacqueline's grandfather, John Vernou Bouvier Jr., fashioned a more noble ancestry for his family in his vanity family history book Our Forebears. Recent scholarship and the research done by Jacqueline's cousin, John H. Davis, in his book The Bouviers: portrait of an American family have disproved most of these fantasy lineages.

She spent her early years in New York City and East Hampton, New York at the Bouvier family estate, "Lasata".[citation needed] Following their parents' divorce, Jacqueline and Lee divided their time between their mother's homes in McLean, Virginia and Newport, Rhode Island and their father's homes in New York City and Long Island.

At a very early age she became an enthusiastic equestrienne, and horse-riding would remain a lifelong passion. As a child, she also enjoyed drawing, reading and lacrosse.[citation needed]

Education and young adulthood

Bouvier pursued her secondary education at the Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland (19421944) and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut (19441947).[citation needed]

When she made her society debut in 1947, Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her Debutante of the Year.

Bouvier spent her first two years of college at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, and spent her junior year (19491950) in France at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in a program through Smith College. Upon returning home to the United States, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1951 with a bachelor of arts degree in French literature. Bouvier's college graduation coincided with her sister's high school graduation, and the two spent the summer of 1951 on a trip through Europe. This trip was the subject of Kennedy's only autobiographical book, One Special Summer, which is also the only one of her publications to feature her drawings.

Following her graduation, Bouvier was hired as the Inquiring photographer for The Washington Times-Herald. The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures to be published alongside selected quotations from their responses in the newspaper. During this time, she was engaged to a young stock broker, John Husted, for three months.

Kennedy marriage and family

Jacqueline Kennedy at Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island on the day of her wedding in 1953.

Jacqueline and then-Senator John Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and often attended the same functions. In May 1952, at a dinner party organized by mutual friends, they were formally introduced for the first time. The two began dating soon afterward, and their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953.

Bouvier married Kennedy on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island in a Mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. An estimated 700 guests attended the ceremony and 1,200 attended the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm.

The wedding cake was created by Plourde's Bakery in Fall River, Massachusetts. The wedding dress, now housed in the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts, and the dresses of her attendants were created by designer Ann Lowe of New York City.

The two honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico, and settled in McLean, Virginia.

Jacqueline suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and gave birth to a stillborn baby girl in 1956. That same year, the couple sold their estate, Hickory Hill to Robert and Ethel Kennedy and moved to a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown. Kennedy subsequently gave birth to a second daughter, Caroline, in 1957, and a son, John, in 1960, both via Caesarian section.

Name

Birth

Death

Notes

Arabella Kennedy

August 23, 1956

Stillborn daughter.

Caroline Bouvier Kennedy

November 27, 1957

Married to Edwin Schlossberg; has two daughters and a son. She is the last surviving child of Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr.

November 25, 1960

July 16, 1999

Magazine publisher and lawyer. Married to Carolyn Bessette. Both Kennedy and his wife died in a plane crash, as did Lauren Bessette, Carolyn's sister, on July 16, 1999, off Martha's Vineyard in a Piper Saratoga II HP piloted by Kennedy.

Patrick Bouvier Kennedy

August 7, 1963

August 9, 1963

Died from Hyaline Membrane Disease, today more commonly called Infant respiratory distress syndrome, at the age of two days.

First Lady of the United States

Campaign for Presidency

Jacqueline Kennedy campaigning alongside her husband in Appleton, Wisconsin, in March 1960

On January 2, 1960, John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for the Presidency and launched his nationwide campaign. Though she had initially intended to take an active role in the campaign, Kennedy learned that she was pregnant shortly after the campaign commenced. Due to her previous difficult pregnancies, Kennedy's doctor instructed her to stay at home. From Georgetown, Kennedy participated in her husband's campaign by answering letters, taping television commercials, giving televised and printed interviews, and writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, "Campaign Wife." She made rare personal appearances.

As First Lady

Mrs. Kennedy, the president, Andr Malraux, Marie-Madeleine Lioux Malraux, Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson having just descended White House Grand Staircase on their way to a dinner with the French cultural minister, April 1962. Mrs. Kennedy wears a gown designed by Oleg Cassini.

In the general election on November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly beat Republican Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election. A little over two weeks later, Mrs. Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John, Jr. When her husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961, Kennedy became, at age 31, one of the youngest First Ladies in history, behind Frances Folsom Cleveland and Julia Tyler. Former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower was reportedly unhappy with the idea of John F. Kennedy coming into office following her husband's term. Despite new First Lady Jackie having given birth to her son John Jr. via caesarean section two weeks prior, Mamie refused to inform Jackie that there was a wheelchair available for her to use while showing Mrs. Kennedy the various sections of the White House. Seeing Mamie's displeasure during the tour, Jackie kept her composure while in Mrs. Eisenhower's presence, finally collapsing in private once the new First Lady returned home. When Mamie Eisenhower was later questioned as to why she would do such a thing, the former First Lady simply stated, "Because she never asked."

Like any First Lady, Kennedy was thrust into the spotlight and while she did not mind giving interviews or being photographed, she preferred to maintain as much privacy as possible for herself and her children.

Kennedy is remembered for reorganizing entertainment for White House Social events, seeking to restore several White House interiors, her taste in clothing worn during Kennedy's Presidency, her popularity among foreign dignitaries, and leading the country in mourning after her husband's assassination in 1963.

Kennedy ranks among the most popular of First Ladies.

Social success

As First Lady, Kennedy devoted much of her time to planning social events at the White House and other state properties. She often invited artists, writers, scientists, poets, and musicians to mingle with politicians, diplomats, and statesmen.[citation needed]

Perhaps due to her skill at entertaining, Kennedy proved quite popular among international dignitaries.[citation needed] When Soviet Premier Khrushchev was asked to shake President Kennedy's hand for a photo, Krushchev said, "I'd like to shake her hand first." Jacqueline was well received in Paris, France, when she visited with Kennedy, and when she traveled with Lee to India in 1962.[citation needed]

The President and Mrs. Kennedy at La Morita, Venezuela, on December 16, 1961

White House restoration

The White House Blue Room as redecorated by Stphane Boudin in 1962. Boudin chose the period of the Madison administration, returning much of the original French Empire style furniture.

The restoration of the White House was Jacqueline Kennedy's first major project. She was dismayed during her pre-inauguration tour of the White House to find little of historic significance in the house. The rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that she felt lacked a sense of history. Her first efforts, begun her first day in residence (with the help of society decorator Sister Parish), were to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life and included the addition of a kitchen on the family floor and rooms for her children. Upon almost immediately exhausting the funds appropriated for this effort, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process; she also asked early American furniture expert Henry du Pont to consult.

Her skillful management of this project was hardly noted at the time,[citation needed] except in terms of gossipy shock[citation needed] at repeated repainting of a room, or the high cost of the antique Zuber wallpaper panels installed in the family dining room ($12,000 in donated funds), but later accounts have noted that she managed the conflicting agendas of Parish, du Pont, and Boudin with seamless success;[citation needed] she initiated publication of the first White House guidebook, whose sales further funded the restoration; she initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution, rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own; and she wrote personal requests to those who owned pieces of historical interest that might be, and later were, donated to the White House.

On February 14, 1962, Mrs. Kennedy took American television viewers on a tour of the White House with Charles Collingwood of CBS. In the tour she said, "I just feel that everything in the White House should be the besthe entertainment that's given here. If it's an American company you can help, I like to do that. If notust as long as it's the best." Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Mrs. Kennedy oversaw redesign and replanting of the White House Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. Her efforts on behalf of restoration and preservation at the White House left a lasting legacy in the form of the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House which was based upon her White House Furnishings Committee, a permanent Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust.

Broadcasting of the White House restoration greatly helped the Kennedy administration.[citation needed] The United States sought international support during the Cold War, which it achieved by affecting public opinion. Mrs. Kennedy celebrity and high profile status made viewing the tour of the White house very desirable. The tour was taped and distributed to 106 countries since there was a great demand from the elite as well as people in power to see the film. In 1962 at the 14th Annual Emmy Awards (NBC, May 22), Bob Newhart emceed from the Hollywood Palladium; Johnny Carson from the New York Astor Hotel; and NBC newsman David Brinkley hosted at the Sheraton Park Hotel in Washington D.C. and took the spotlight as a special Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Trustees Award was given to Jacqueline Kennedy for her CBS-TV tour of the White House. Lady Bird Johnson accepted for the camera-shy First Lady. The actual Emmy statuette is on display in the Kennedy Library located in Boston, Massachusetts. Focus and admiration for Jacqueline Kennedy took negative attention away from her husband. By attracting worldwide public attention, the First Lady gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies.

Foreign trips

Before the Kennedys visited France, a television special was shot in French with Mrs. Kennedy on the White House lawn. When the Kennedys visited France, she'd already won the hearts of the French people, impressing the French public with her ability to speak French. At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked, "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris and I have enjoyed it!"

Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Jacqueline Kennedy with Sardar.

At the urging of John Kenneth Galbraith, President Kennedy's ambassador to India, Mrs. Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan, taking her sister Lee Radziwill along with her, which was amply documented in photojournalism of the time as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. At the time, Ambassador Galbraith noted a considerable disjunction between Mrs Kennedy's widely-noted concern with clothes and other frivolity and, on personal acquaintance, her considerable intellect.[citation needed]

While in Karachi she found some time to take a ride on a camel with her sister. In Lahore, Pakistani President Ayub Khan presented Mrs. Kennedy with a much-photographed horse, Sardar (the Urdu term meaning eader). Subsequently this gift was widely misattributed to the king of Saudi Arabia, including in the various recollections of the Kennedy White House years by President Kennedy's friend, journalist and editor Benjamin Bradlee. It has never become clear whether this general misattribution of the gift was carelessness or a deliberate effort to deflect attention from the USA's preference for Pakistan over India. While at a reception for herself at Shalimar Gardens, Mrs. Kennedy told guests "all my life I've dreamed of coming to the Shalimar Gardens. It's even lovelier than I'd dreamed. I only wish my husband could be with me." While in Lahore, she had a friendly chat with Iranian Empress Farah Pahlavi, whom many compared[citation needed] to Mrs. Kennedy.

Death of youngest son

Main article: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy

Early in 1963, Kennedy became pregnant again and curtailed her official duties. She spent most of the summer at the Kennedys' rented home on Squaw Island, near the Kennedy family's Cape Cod compound at Hyannis Port, where she went into premature labor on August 7, 1963. She gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, via emergency Caesarian section at Otis Air Force Base, five and a half weeks prematurely. His lungs were not fully developed, and he died at Boston Children's Hospital of hyaline membrane disease (now known as respiratory distress syndrome) on August 9, 1963. The couple was devastated by the loss of their infant son, and that tragedy brought them closer together than ever before.

Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy

Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination

John & Jacqueline Kennedy at Love Field in Dallas on the day of the assassination

On November 21, 1963, the First Couple left the White House for a political trip to Texas, stopping in San Antonio, Houston, and Fort Worth that day. After a breakfast on November 22, the Kennedys flew from Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas's Love Field on Air Force One, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie. A 9.5-mile (15.3 km) motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart where the President was scheduled to speak at a lunch. Mrs. Kennedy was seated next to her husband in the limousine, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.

The Presidential limousine before the assassination. Jacqueline is in the back seat to the President's left.

After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, Mrs. Kennedy heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring, and did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and she leaned toward her husband. The final shot struck the President in the head. Mrs. Kennedy, shocked, climbed out of the back seat and half crawled over the trunk of the car (she later had no recollection of having done this). Her Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of the President's skull that had been blown off. Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing Mrs. Kennedy back to her seat. The car rushed to Dallas's Parkland Hospital, and on arrival there, the president's body was rushed into a trauma room. Mrs. Kennedy, for the moment, remained in a room for relatives and friends of patients just outside.

A few minutes into her husband's treatment, Mrs. Kennedy, accompanied by the President's doctor, Admiral George Burkley, left her folding chair outside Trauma Room One and attempted to enter the operating room. Nurse Doris Nelson stopped her and attempted to bar the door to prevent Mrs. Kennedy from entering. She persisted, and the President's doctor suggested that she take a sedative, which she refused. "I want to be there when he dies," she told Burkley. He eventually persuaded Nelson to grant her access to Trauma Room One, saying "It's her right, it's her prerogative".

Later, when the casket arrived, the widow removed her wedding ring and slipped it onto the President's finger. She told aide Ken O'Donnell, "Now I have nothing left."

Jackie wearing her blood-stained pink Chanel suit while Johnson took oath of office as president.

After the president's death, Mrs. Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing, and regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands. She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she went on board Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as President. She told Lady Bird Johnson, "I want them to see what they have done to Jack."

Jacqueline Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, John Jr., Caroline, and Peter Lawford depart the U.S. Capitol after a lying-in-state ceremony for John Fitzgerald Kennedy, November 24, 1963

Mrs. Kennedy took an active role in planning the details of the state funeral for her husband, which was based on Abraham Lincoln's. The funeral service was held at St. Matthew's Cathedral, Washington D.C., and the burial at Arlington National Cemetery; the widow led the procession there on foot and would light the eternal flame at the grave site, a flame that had been created at her request. Lady Jean Campbell reported back to The London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people one thing they have always lacked: Majesty."

Following the assassination and the media coverage which had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Mrs. Kennedy stepped back from official public view. She did, however, make a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President.

Life following the assassination

A week after the assassination, Mrs. Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannisport on November 29 by Theodore H. White of Life magazine. In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.

Jackie Kennedy's Official White House Portrait

The steadiness and courage of Kennedy during her husband's assassination and funeral won her admiration around the world. Following his death, Kennedy and her children remained in their quarters in the White House for two weeks, preparing to vacate. Kennedy and her children spent the winter of 1964 in Averell Harriman's home in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C., before purchasing her own home on another block of the same street. Later in 1964, in the hope of having more privacy for her children , Mrs. Kennedy decided to acquire an apartment on Fifth Avenue in New York and sold her new Georgetown house; she also sold the country home in Atoka, Virginia, where she and President Kennedy had intended to retire. She spent a year in mourning, making few public appearances; during this time, Caroline told one of her teachers that her mother cried frequently.

Mrs. Kennedy perpetuated her husband's memory by attending selected memorial dedications. These included the 1967 christening of the Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) (decommissioned in 2007), in Newport News, Virginia, and a memorial in Hyannisport, Massachusetts. They also included the dedication of the United Kingdom's official memorial to President Kennedy at Runnymede, England, and the dedication of a park near New Ross, Ireland. She oversaw plans for the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Library, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration. Original plans to have the library situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard University, proved problematic for various reasons, so it is situated in Boston. The finished library, designed by I.M. Pei, includes a museum and was dedicated in Boston in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter.

Caroline Kennedy breaks a bottle of champagne against the hull of the US Navy aircraft carrier named after her father. Her mother and her younger brother John F. Kennedy, Jr. look on with smiles at the launch ceremonies for the USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) in May 1967.

Onassis marriage

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009)

During her widowhood, Jacqueline was romantically linked by the press to a few men, notably David Ormsby-Gore and Roswell Gilpatric.[citation needed] But in June 1968 when her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated, she came to fear for her life and that of her children, saying "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets...I want to get out of this country." On October 20, 1968 she married Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy, Greek shipping magnate, who was able to provide her family with the privacy and security she needed for herself and her children.

The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private island in the Ionian Sea, Greece. Jacqueline gave up Secret Service protection and her Franking Privilege, to which a widow of a president of the United States is entitled, after her marriage to Onassis. As a result of the marriage, the media gave her the nickname "Jackie O." which has remained a popular shorthand reference to her.

For a time, the marriage brought her adverse publicity and seemed to tarnish the image of the grieving presidential widow[citation needed], and she became the target of paparazzi who were following her everywhere much to her displeasure and dismay. Despite it all, the marriage initially seemed successful enough, the couple dividing their time between New York City, Paris and Skorpios.

Then tragedy struck again, as Onassis's only son Alexander died in a plane crash in January 1973. His health began deteriorating rapidly and he died in Paris, on March 15, 1975. Her financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal battle, Jacqueline eventually accepted from Christina Onassis, Onassis's daughter and sole heir, a settlement of $26,000,000, waiving all other claims to the Onassis estate.

Later years

Onassis's death in 1975 made Mrs. Onassis, then 46, a widow for the second time. Now that her children were older, she decided to find work that would be fulfilling to her. Since she had always enjoyed writing and literature, in 1975 Jacqueline accepted a job offer as an editor at Viking Press. But, in 1978, the President of Viking Press, Thomas H. Guinzburg, authorized the purchase of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?, which was set in a fictional future presidency of Edward M. Kennedy and described an assassination plot against him. Although Guinzburg cleared the book purchase and publication with Mrs. Onassis, upon the publication of a negative Sunday New York Times review which asserted that Mrs. Onassis held some blame for its publication, she abruptly resigned from Viking Press the next day. She then moved to Doubleday as an associate editor under an old friend, John Sargent, living in New York City, Martha's Vineyard and the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis, Massachusetts. From the mid 1970s until her death, her companion was Maurice Tempelsman, a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was long separated from his wife.

She also continued to be the subject of much press attention, most notoriously involving the photographer Ron Galella. He followed her around and photographed her as she went about her day-to-day activities, obtaining candid, iconic photos of her. She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him and the situation brought attention to paparazzi-style photography. In 1995, John F. Kennedy Jr. allowed Galella to photograph him at public events.

Among the many books she edited was Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe. He expressed his gratitude in the acknowledgments in Volume 2. Mrs. Onassis's continuing charisma is indicated by the delight the Canadian author Robertson Davies took in discovering that at a commencement exercise at an American university at which he was being honored, Jacqueline Kennedy was on hand, circulating among the honorees[citation needed].

Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 1986 during a visit from the President and First Lady, Ronald and Nancy Reagan

Jacqueline Onassis also appreciated the contributions of African-American writers to the American literary canon. She encouraged Dorothy West, her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and the last surviving member of the Harlem Renaissance, to complete The Wedding, a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the United States. The novel received great literary acclaim when it was published by Doubleday in 1995; in 1998 Oprah Winfrey introduced the story via a television film of the same name starring Halle Berry. Dorothy West acknowledged Jacqueline Onassis's kind encouragement in the foreword.

She also worked to preserve and protect America cultural heritage. The notable results of her hard work include Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C, and Grand Central Terminal, New York's beloved historic railroad stations[citation needed]. While she was First Lady, she helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square[citation needed], because she felt that these buildings were an important part of the nation capital and played an essential role in its history[citation needed]. Later, in New York City, she led a historic preservation campaign to save and renovate Grand Central Terminal from demolition[citation needed]. A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle which would have cast large shadows on Central Park[citation needed]; the project was cancelled, but a large twin towered skyscraper would later fill in that spot in 2003, the Time Warner Center.

From her apartment windows in New York City she had a splendid view of a glass enclosed wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art which displays the Temple of Dendur[citation needed]. This was a gift from Egypt to the United States in gratitude for the generosity[citation needed] of the Kennedy administration, who had been instrumental[citation needed] in saving several temples and objects of Egyptian antiquity that would otherwise have been flooded after the construction of the Aswan Dam.

Death

In January 1994, Onassis was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a form of cancer. Her diagnosis was announced to the public in February. The family and doctors were initially optimistic, and she stopped smoking at the insistence of her daughter. Onassis continued her work with Doubleday, but curtailed her schedule. By April, the cancer had spread, and she made her last trip home from New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994. A large crowd of well-wishers, tourists, and reporters gathered on the street outside her apartment. Onassis died in her sleep at 10:15 p.m. on Thursday, May 19, two and a half months before her 65th birthday. In announcing her death, Jacqueline's son, John Kennedy Jr. stated, "My mother died surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved. She did it in her own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that."

Onassis' funeral was held on May 23 at Saint Ignatius Loyola Church in Manhattan - the church where she was baptized in 1929. At her funeral, her son John described three of her attributes as the love of words, the bonds of home and family, and the spirit of adventure. She was buried alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

In her will, Onassis left her children Caroline and John an estate valued at $200 million by its executors.

Fashion icon

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009)

President Habib Bourguiba (of Tunisia), his wife Moufida Bourguiba, President Kennedy and Jacqueline, in an Oleg Cassini "Nefertiti" dress, 1961.

During her husband's presidency, Jacqueline Kennedy became a symbol of fashion for women all over the world. She retained French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini in the fall of 1960 to create an original wardrobe for her as First Lady. From 1961 to late 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her most iconic ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India and Pakistan. Her clean suits, sleeveless A-line dresses and famous pillbox hats were an overnight success around the world and became known as the "Jackie" look. Although Cassini was her primary designer, she also wore ensembles by French fashion legends such as Chanel, Givenchy, and Dior. More than any other First Lady her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women.

In the years after the White House, her style changed dramatically. Gone were the modest "campaign wife" clothes. Wide-leg pantsuits, large lapel jackets, silk Hermes head scarves and large, round, dark sunglasses were her new look. She often chose to wear brighter colors and patterns and even began wearing jeans in public. She also experimented with different styles, often wearing a large amount of jewelry by Jean Schlumberger (Jewelry designer) and Van Cleef & Arpels, hoop earrings with her hair pulled back, and gypsy skirts.

Legacy

Grave of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis at the Arlington National Cemetery.

In December 1999, Onassis was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, from a poll conducted of the American people.

Honors and memorials

Onassis's legacy has been memorialized in various aspects of American culture. They include:

A high school named Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, was dedicated by New York City in 1995, the first high school named in her honor. It is located at 120 West 46th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and was formerly the High School for the Performing Arts.

Joggers run around this reservoir in the northern portion of New York's Central Park

Central Park's main reservoir was renamed in her honor as the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir.

At George Washington University, a residence hall located on the southeast corner of I and 23rd streets NW in Washington, D.C. was renamed Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall in honor of the alumna.

The White House's East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in her honor.

In 2007, her name and her first husband's were included on the list of people aboard the Japanese Kaguya mission to the moon launched on September 14, as part of The Planetary Society's "Wish Upon The Moon" campaign. In addition, they are included on the list aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission.

A school and an award at the American Ballet Theatre have been named after her in honor of her childhood study of ballet.

The companion book for a series of interviews between mythologist Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth, was created under the direction of Onassis, prior to her death. The book's editor, Betty Sue Flowers, writes in the Editor's Note to The Power of Myth: "I am grateful to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, the Doubleday editor, whose interest in the books of Joseph Campbell was the prime mover in the publication of this book." A year after her death in 1994, Moyers dedicated the companion book for his PBS series, The Language of Life to Onassis. The dedication read: "To Jacqueline Onassis. As you sail on to Ithaka." Ithaka was a reference to the C.P. Cavafy poem that Maurice Tempelsman read at her funeral.

A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on N Madison St. in Middleburg, Virginia. Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in nearby Atoka, Virginia. Jacqueline also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times.

Cultural depictions

Main article: Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

Onassis is frequently alluded to and depicted in various forms of popular culture, including films, television series, cartoon series, video games and music. Numerous books and plays have been written about her.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Pt-IV

WHO WAS INDIA'S FIRST CRICKET COACH?

Ajit Wadekar was the first to coach the Indian cricket team. He was both the manager and the coach of the Indian cricket team from 1992 to 1996. John Wright was India's first foreign coach.

WHAT IS A SUCKER BALL IN CRICKET?

When a bowler intends to tempt batsman into scoring runs by bowling a ball which appears easy to hit and the batsman hits the ball but t results in his dismissal by either being stumped, bowled or caught, such ball is called a sucker ball.

WHICH BATSMAN HAS REMAINED NOT OUT MOST OFTEN IN CRICKET ODIS?

Michael Bevan of Australia has remained not out most often in ODI cricket — 67 times in 196 innings of 232 matches he ' has played. He has scored 6,912 runs with an average of (53.58).

WHO WAS THE YOUNGEST WINNER AT WIMBLEDON?

Swedish tennis legend Bjorn Borg was the youngest winner at Wimbledon. At 16, Borg was the Wimbledon junior champion in 1973. American Kathy Rinaldi, 15, was the youngest woman winner at Wimbledon (1981). Martina Hingis of Switzerland won the 1996 Wimbledon at 15 years too. At 17, Boris Becker won the men's singles title in 1985.

HOW MANY ONE-DAY INTERNATIONALS IN CRICKET HAVE ENDED IN A TIE?

Twenty one one-day international cricket matches have ended in a tie. While Australia has been involved in the most (8), the others are Pakistan (6), West Indies and South Africa (5), England, Zimbabwe and New Zealand (4 each) and India and Sri Lanka (3 each). Australia and South Africa have played four tied matches.

WHY IS CRICKET NOT A DISCIPLINE IN THE OLYMPICS?

Cricket was played just once, at the Paris Olympics in 1900. Cricket is played by just 10 countries at the highest level (though there are nearly 100 associate members of the ICC) and this would normally disqualify it from being included as an Olympic sport. The International Olympic Committee claims mass participation is a must (minimum of 16 nations). The only other occasion cricket was part of a multi-disciplinary meet was at the 1998 Commonwealth Games at Kuala Lumpur.

WHEN WERE COLOURED UNIFORMS INTRODUCED IN ODIS?

Coloured uniforms for ODIs were introduced in 1977 by Kerry Packer for the World Series matches in Australia which did not have official status, even though many world class cricketers took part. However, it was a revolution in itself. Its legacy is a permanent change in the way the game is funded, watched, played and perceived. World Series pioneered three-cornered tournaments, night cricket, floodlights, coloured clothing, coloured balls, drop-in pitches, on-field microphones and multitudinous

WHO HOLDS THE RECORD FOR WINNING THE MOST NUMBER OF OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALS FOR SWIMMING?

In the 1972 Munich Olympic games, Mark Spitz won seven Olympic gold medals, a feat yet unequalled by any other Olympic athlete. Even more remarkably, Spitz set a new world record in each of the seven events - the 100 m freestyle, 200 m freestyle, 100 m butterfly, 200 m butterfly, 4 x 100 m freestyle, 4 x 200 m freestyle and the 4 x 100 m medley

IN CRICKET, WHAT IS POWER PLAY?

The original rules of ODIs stated that during the first 15 overs, only two fielders should be allowed outside a 30-metre circle around the wicket. This meant that attacking batsman were likely to score runs quickly in the first 15 overs, but would become more watchful at the end of the spell. In an effort to keep the game more exciting during the middle overs, the 15 over block with fielding restrictions at the beginning of the innings is reduced to 10, and thereafter, the captain of the fielding side has to decide when to bring his fielders in again for two further blocks of 5 overs, at any time he likes. These 5 over spells are called Powerplay 2 and Powerplay 3. (Powerplay 1 is the first block of 10).

WHAT IS THE MILEAGE OF F1 CARS?

For every 100 kilometres, a 900 bph F1 car uses 70 litres of petrol. A team uses about 1,200 litres of petrol during a Grand Prix weekend.

WHY IS THE SOUTH AFRICAN CRICKET TEAM CALLED "PROTEAS"?

The Protea flower with pink and yellow petals, is the national flower of South Africa, and hence their cricket team is called proteas. Similarly, South Africa's rugby team is called springboks, which is the country's national animal.

HAS ANY PLAYER IN CRICKET BEEN DECLARED OUT BECAUSE HE CAME LATE TO THE GROUND TO BAT?

Law 31 in cricket provides that an incoming batsman must be in position to take guard or for his partner to be ready to receive the next ball within 3 minutes of the fall of the previous wicket. If this requirement is not met, the incoming batsman will be declared 'timed out'. The fielding side has to appeal for the wicket to be awarded. There is no known incidence of this in an international match. There are three cases, however, in first class cricket. H Yadav — Tripura vs Orissa at Cuttack in 1997; Vasbert Drakes — Border vs Free State at East London in 2002 and A J Harris — Nottinghamshire vs Durham UCCE at Nottingham in 2003.

WHEN WAS THE FIRST INDO-PAK CRICKET TEST PLAYED?

India played Pakistan from October 16, 1952 at the Ferozeshah Kotia in Delhi to kick pff the first-ever Test series. India won this Test by an innings and 70 runs to take the lead in the five-match series. While Lala Amarnath captained India, A H Kardar led the Pakistan side. This was the beginning of a long and fierce battle for supremacy. Later this month, this "war by other means" continues with India's tour of Pakistan.

WHAT IS PELOTA?

Pelota is a very fast ball game of Basque derivation (language spoken by the people who inhabit the Pyrenees in north central Spain and the adjoining region of south western France). Pelota is popular in Latin American countries and in the USA where it's a betting sport. It's played by two, four or six players in a walled court or cancha and resembles squash. Each player uses a long curved wickerwork basket or cesta strapped to the hand to hurl the ball or pelota against the walls. Basque pelota has been an exhibition sport in Mexico and Barcelona.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF SKATING TEAM PURSUIT?

The basic elements are: Competitions may be announced for pursuit races with either three or four skaters in each team. In both cases, the finishing time of the team will be determined as the finishing time of the third skater in the team. If less than three skaters of the team finish the race, the team is considered not to have completed the race and is disqualified. In Team Pursuit races, the two teams start simultaneously at each side of the track at the middle of the straights. If a skater of a team is disqualified as per rules, the disqualification also applies for the team.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JUDO AND AIKIDO?

Developed in the 19th century, judo is a Japanese system of wrestling. It was developed from jujitsu in 1882 by a Japanese educator. It tries to develop the skill of using an op- ponent's own weight and strength against him. Techniques include throwing and grappling. Judo fighters learn how to fall safely when they are thrown to minimise injury. Aikido is (ai - harmony, ki - spirit, mind or universal energy, do – the Way) the Way of Harmony with Universal Energy. Created by Morihei Ueshiba (1883-1969), it's based on bujutsu with an emphasis on self-defence and spiritual growth. In aikido, an attack is avoided with flowing, circular movements and it uses grappling, throws, and mainly non-resistance to tackle opponents.

WHAT IS THE VJD METHOD IN CRICKET?

V Jayadevan, an engineer from Kerala, has devised a method which has the backing of the Indian board and will be discussed by the ICC's Cricket Committee during its two-day meet in Dubai on May 13 and 14. Like the Duckworth-Lewis method, Jayadevan's system (the VJD method) also comes from an analysis of numerous one day matches, and predicting scores and targets on the basis of scoring patterns recorded from earlier games.

WHEN WAS THE STUMP CAMERA USED IN INTERNATIONAL CRICKET?

The first stump camera was installed by the BBC in the early 1990s. It placed a Hitachi KP-D8s camera in the middle stump. This was a colour camera that used a 410,000 pixel CCD (charge-coupled device) with micro lenses, and offered a Horizontal resolution of 470 TV lines. Its size (42 cubic cm and 80 gms) makes it possible for it to be inserted into the stump. If one camera is not enough, two can be placed, one with a wide-angle lens and the other with a narrow-angle lens, giving the broadcaster four different views.

WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD 'ACROBAT'?

The word 'acrobat' means a performer who is skilled in the feats of agility and balance. It comes from the Frencn word 'acrobate' which is derived from the Greek words 'akrobates' (one who walks on tiptoe) and 'akrobatein' (to walk on the stem of the feet).

WHAT IS THE EIGHT QUEEN PROBLEM IN CHESS?

The eight queen problem in chess is one where a person has to place eight queens on a chess board such that none of the queens can capture another queen at that point of time. For example, place the queens at a8, b2, c4, dl, e7, f5, g3 and h6 respectively. There are a number of combinations (a fixed number, however) where a person can place queens at different positions and yet no queen can capture another queen.

WHEN WAS FOOTBALL FIRST PLAYED?

Modern-day football has its origins in England. There are indications that a game akin to football called choule or soule arrived in England from Normandy, Brittany, and Picardy, during the Norman Conquest. According to historical evidence, football-like games were played in English public schools such as Eton and Winchester colleges in the 16th century. By the mid-19th century, public school boys more or less formalised the rules of football, which then became an organised activity. This gradually developed into football as we know it today.

IN FOOTBALL, WHAT IS THE FALLING LEAF SHOT?

The falling leaf shot is called so because the ball swerves twice, just as a falling leaf, during its flight towards goal. The diminutive Brazilian striker of 1950s and '60s, Manuel dos Santos Francisco Garrincha made the banana kick and falling leaf shot his own due to his brilliant skills. Garrincha earned the nickname of Little Bird due to his short stature and vast repertoire of beguiling free kicks that tormented defenders.

WHICH IS THE WORLD'S FIRST VIDEO GAME?

In 1951, an .engineer Ralph Baer developed a game called Pong using raster video equipment. In 1958, William A Higinbotham created 'tennis for two', a game using an analog computer. The game was never patented and dismantled. Nolan Bushnell built an arcade game in 1969 using a rasterscan TV monitor. He is known as the father of video arcade games. From being a fun activity, video games are also used to help sick children manage pain and anxiety during hospital stays. Recently, Ethan Myers of Los Angeles made a partial recovery after a grave car accident, thanks partly to a video game system.

WHEN WAS THE IDITAROD DOG RACE FIRST HELD?

The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, also called the 'Iditarod' or the 'Last Great Race', is held in Alaska. It starts from Anchorage in southcentral Alaska and terminates at Nome on the western Bering Sea coast. Each team, of 12 to 16 dogs and their musher, covers over 1,150 miles in about three weeks. The Id- itarod Trail Sled Dog Race first ran in 1973. The idea was conceived by Dorothy G Page in 1964 as part of Alaska's Centennial Year celebrations in 1967.

WHAT IS THE WORLD RECORD FOR THE DEEPEST DIVE?

The world record for the deepest dive is held by South Africa's Nuno Gomes, a 52-year-old engineer who dived to a depth of 318.25 metres (1044 feet). He was scuba diving in the Red Sea on June 10, 2005 and beat the earlier record of 313 metres set by Mark Ellyatt of Britain in 2003.

WHO IS KNOWN AS THE POLE VAULT QUEEN?

Yelena Isinbayeva (23) of Russia has been hailed as the queen of pole vault. The world record holder has been virtually unbeaten in the past three years. Yelena, who spends most of her time in Monaco and trains in Italy, was recently asked to move to Italy and represent it for $6 million. However, she refused stating that she would never betray her country and that she is still based in Volgograd, her native place. She was Also approached by the oil baron Roman Abramovich to endorse the oil brand worldwide, but it did not materialise.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCCER AND FOOTBALL?

What Americans call soccer is called football elsewhere in the world. So, if is better to say that American Soccer and British Football are the same sport. The official name of the sport is Association Football and the international body governing it is FIFA (Federation International de Football Association).

IF A BATSMAN IS OUT LEGITIMATELY BUT THE FIELDERS DON'T APPEAL, WOULD THE UMPIRE RULE

HIM OUT?

Law 27 clearly says that: The umpire shall not give a batsman out unless appealed to by the other side which shall be done prior to the bowler beginning his run up bowling action to deliver .the next ball. Under Law 23.1 (f) (The Ball becomes dead), the ball is dead on 'over' being called, this does not however, invalidate an appeal made prior to the first ball of the following over provided 'time' has not been called as Law 17.1 (Call of Time). Always remember an appeal shall cover all ways of being out. (Law 27.2). Even if a batsman leaves his wicket under a misapprehension that he is out, but umpire ruled him not out under such circumstances, the umpire shall intervene if satisfied that he is wrong (Law 27.5).

WHO HAS WON THE MOST PAIRS FREE SKATING TITLES?

Andree Brunett and Pierre Brunett have won the world figure skating championship four times — in 1926, 1928,1930 and 1932. Three pairs have won it thrice — Ludowika Jacobson and Walter Jacobson (1911,1913,1924), Helen Engelmanri and Alfred Berger (1913,1922,1924) and Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev (1983,1985,1988).

WHEN WAS THE STUMP CAMERA USED IN INTERNATIONAL CRICKET? .

WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD "ACROBAT ?

Theword-acrobafmeansaperformerwho is skilled in the feats of agility and balgance. It comes from the French "word 'acrobate' which is deprived from the Greek words 'akrobates' (one who walks on tiptoe) and 'akrobatein' (to walk on the stem of the feet).

WHO WAS THE FIRST BATSMAN TO BE DECLARED OUT BY A THIRD UMPIRE?

Sachin Tendulkar, on November 14,1992 at Durban, against South Africa. Tendulkar, who had scored 11, glanced the ball to the backward point where Jonty Rhodes was fielding. Sachin attempted a quick single, but was sent back by non-striker Ravi Shastri. Rhodes threw the ball to the stumps where Andrew Hudson, who had moved in from short leg, broke the wicket. It was a close call so square-leg umpire Cyril Mitchley asked third umpire Karl Liebenberg to decide. The TV replay clearly showed that Tendulkar was run out.

WHY IS THE CAPTAIN OF THE TEAM IS CALLED A SKIPPER?

Skipper originated from the Dutch word 'schipper' (literally 'shipper'). Skipper usually means a person who commands a boat or ship. In naval terms, a skipper is responsible for the care and safety of the vessel, ship, yacht or boat. This is true of the captain as well, but in addition, the captain is also responsible for the care and safety of the crew. In sports, he is a team captain in lawn bowls. It is an informal title of a baseball manager and captain of a football team.

WHAT IS A MAGIC BARRIER IN CHESS?

The International Chess Federation (FIDE) awards rating points to chess players to indicate their relative skill level. This system is based on a general statistical rating system called ELO. According to it, the more the rating points, the better the player. FIDE tracks players' performances continually, and the ratings are revised periodically. Garry Kasparov obtained 2851, the highest score ever. Only four players — Kasparov, Kramnik, Topalov and Anand have obtained a score greater than or equal to 2800, which is called the magic barrier. The term is an imitation of the term sound barrier, which is considered a difficult threshold to cross before achieving supersonic speeds.

WLIAT IS A CRICKETER'S COFFIN?

Cricketer's coffin is a term used in jest for the kit bags that cricketers carry. The amount of paraphernalia carried by them on tours makes these bags resemble a coffin. It is also jocularly said that cricketers carry their coffin with them on every tour.

HOW DOES THE SNICKOMETER WORK?

The Snickometer, although not used in adjudicating decisions, is a useful TV tool which tracks the cricket ball's path by picking up sounds from pitch and stump microphones. The Snickometer, invented by Englishman Allan Plaskett in the mid '90s, is used to display sound from stump microphones. The feed from the stump microphone is fed directly into the Snickometer which then represents the sound as a visual graphic. From that, viewers can tell whether the ball hit a pad (a flat, dull display) or hit the bat (a lot sharper graphic) or just went pass (a flat line).

WHAT DO COLOUR CARDS SIGNIFY IN SOCCER?

WHAT IS THE SOCCER WAR?

The Football War or Soccer War was a six-day war fought by El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. It had little to do with soccer but an attempt to settle cultural differences. The fact that the more aggressive Salvadoreans were illegally immigrating to Honduran territory was a leading cause of this war. It's called the Soccer War because it began after a bitterly contested series of three World Cup qualifying matches between them. El Salvador initiated hostilities when its army moved into Honduras. After more than four days of fighting (which left 3,000 dead, 6,000 wounded and caused $50 million in damage), a ceasefire was called under pressure from the US and the Organisation of American States. A peace agreement was not signed until 1980, and it took a 1992 decision by the International Court of Justice to settle the boundary issues.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF SUMO WRESTLING?

With its origins in ancient Japan, sumo wrestling competitions are marked by elaborate rituals. A sumo bout takes place between two wrestlers belonging to a group of compatible ranks; the ranking system itself has been in existence since time immemorial. The wrestling takes place inside a circular area of 4.55 metres diameter with the ground made of clay and sand. The wrestlers can push, pull, slap, throw and grapple each other, but they are not permitted to engage in kicking, gouging or hair pulling. If any part of a wrestler's body, except the soles of the feet, first touches the ground inside the ring, or if he crosses the boundary of the ring, then he is declared the loser. An average bout lasts for a few seconds to a few minutes.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPORTS AND GAMES?

A sport is a physical activity carried out under an agreed set of rules, with a recreational purpose: for competition or self-enjoyment or a combination of these. A game is a recreational activity involving one or more players, defined by a goal that the players try to reach, and some set of rules to play it. Games are played primarily for entertainment or enjoyment. The difference of purpose differentiates sport from game, combined with the notion of individual (or team) skill or prowess.

o IS THE WWF AN AUTHENTIC WRESTLING SHOW?

No. WWE (formerly WWF) matches are a completely staged event for entertainment. The WWE superstars are fully informed about their matches, their results and the moves, which they have to use. The superstars are always ready to have their bodies on the line for the sake of WWE. So, the bottom line is that WWE, although a staged show as far as the results are concerned, is purely authentic when seen from the point of view of the WWE superstars as the blood shed and injuries are for real.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE UNEVEN BARS IN GYMNASTICS?

The uneven parallel bars demands strength, concentration, courage, coordination, precision and splitsecond timing. The routine must move from the low bar to the high bar, incorporating many grip changes releases and regrasps, flight elements, changes of direction, saltos and circle swings through the hand-stand position. The entire routine should flow from one movement to the next without pauses, extra swings or additional supports. Each routine must have two release elements.

WHEN WAS THE FIRST RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP HELD?

The first Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship was held in 1963 in Budapest, Hungary The competition featured 28 athletes from 10 European countries. Rhythmic individual all-round competition was added to the Olympic Games in 1984. The Rhythmic group event was added as a medal sport at the 1996 Games. The Rhythmic Gymnastics group competition involves five athletes working together as a team.

WHAT IS AUSSIE RULES FOOTBALL

This is the quintessential local Australian sport derived from a mixture of rugby and Gaelic football. It is played with 36 players (18 from each team) on an elliptical field, often called as an oval. First introduced in 1858, in the Victoria, Australia, the game is widely played in other countries like UK, Ireland, USA, Canada, Papua, New Guinea and New Zealand. The game is distinguished from other kinds of football by the fast, relatively free movement of the ball ' (due to absence of the off-side rule) ' and the awarding of a free kick for any clean catch, known as a mark, of a ball which has been kicked more than 15 metres.

WHAT IS THE HIGHEST TOTAL SCORED BY ANY TEAM IN FIRST CLASS CRICKET?

The highest total score is 1,107 runs made by Victoria in a Sheffield Shield match against New South Wales at Melbourne in 1926. They scored this in 10 hours 30 minutes i.e. at an incredible rate of 1.76 runs per minute.

WHO WAS INDIA'S FIRST CRICKET TEST CAPTAIN?

Lala Amarnath was independent India's first Test captain and led India on the of Australia in 1947. He was a swashbuckling all rounder and an outspoken personality who was not afraid to speak his mind. After his retirement from the game, he was appointed to the board of selectors.

WHY IS THE CRICKET BALL RED IN COLOUR?

The red ball is not always used in cricket these days. During night cricket matches, a white ball is used. As for the game itself, it originated in England, where ambient light levels leave much to be desired. Light is made of seven different colours. The red wavelength is scattered least from its original path while blue is scatted the most. Red colour is, therefore, most suited for spotting in dwindling light. Incidentally, the cricket ball is called the red cherry. The same explanation holds true for the red appearance of the sun during sunrise and sunset. Also, the same logic can explain why the sky and the oceans appear blue.

WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT THE REDNECK GAMES?

The Redneck Games, events for the not so athletic, is held every July in Georgia (USA). Started ten years ago as a spoof of the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, it attracted about 15,000 participants this year. Events are unusual and include mudpit bellyflop, bobbing for pigs' feet, hub cup hurling, cigarette flip, redneck horseshoe played with toilet seats, seed spitting contest, bug zapper spitball, big hair contest and the armpit serenade.

WHICH IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST SWIMMING POOL?

The Natural Buoyancy Laboratory or NBL at the Sonny Carter Training Facility, known as the SCTF near NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston, is the world's largest indoor swimming pool. The pool is 62 metres (202 ft) in length, 31 metres (102 ft) in width and 12 metres (40 ft) in depth — 6 metres (20 feet) above ground level and an equal distance below ground. The pool holds 22.7 million litres (6.2 million gallons) of water. The pool is used by astronauts to train in conditions similar to zero gravity using specialised methods.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SNOOKER, BILLIARDS, POOL AND SIDE POCKET?

The main difference is with respect to the number of balls used. In snooker, 22 balls, including the white colour striker ball, are used. The other coloured balls are as follows: 15 red, 1 yellow, 1 brown, 1 blue, 1 pink, 1 black and 1 green. In billiards, only three balls are used — white, yellow and red — and both the white and the yellow ball can act as the strikers. In pool, there are nine balls with numbers and stripes printed on them. Side pocket is not a recognised table game and refers to the corner pockets of the billiards table.

IN RUGBY, WHY IS THE CALCUTTA CUP CALLED SO?

WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM 'WILD CARD' IN SPORT?

The origin lies in card games, where a wild card means a card with no fixed value, and whose value is assigned by the player dynamically In other games like tennis, the term is nowadays used to refer to a player (or a team) who is awarded entry to a tournament at the discretion of the organizing committee, even though the player (or team) has not strictly satisfied the eligibility criteria. A wild card is awarded to players who are usually young and promising, and belong to the home country The term has been in use in the above sense since 1950s.

WHAT IS THE WOODEN SPOON IN SPORTS?

'Wooden spoon' is a phrase which refers to the performance of an individual or a team which finishes last in a competition. Sometimes, a mock or real wooden spoon award is also handed over to the contestant coming last. The phrase is apparently based on the fact that a wooden spoon is almost valueless compared to the winner's trophy which is made of precious metal. The term had its origin in Cambridge University where professors used to dangle wooden spoon before students who failed in examination.

WHY DO TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PLAY AS A SEPARATE TEAM IN FOOTBALL BUT PLAY AS A PART OF THE WEST INDIES IN CRICKET?

West Indies is composed of several islands; some are independent nations, some others are dependencies or territories. Most were under the rule of Spain, Britain, France, Denmark, or the Netherlands. When England introduced cricket in its colonies in the 19th century it wanted to form only one cricket team in West Indies with representatives from all its colonies there and from British Guyana. The West Indies team was set up in 1890s and it gained Test status in 1928. It's managed by the West Indies Cricket Board, which today represents ten independent and two dependent English-speaking nations of the Carribean. Unlike cricket, soccer developed independently in the West Indies. It is possible for each country of West Indies, particularly Trinidad and Tobago, to participate independently in international football tournaments.

WHO HAS WON THE MOST NUMBER OF FENCING TITLES?

Russia's Aleksandr Romankov has won the most men's Individual World Championship fencing titles — five in 1974,1977,1979,1982 and 1983. However, he was never an Olympic champion. SagineRejto Ildiko has won the most Olympic fencing medals by a woman — seven (two gold, three silver, two bronze).

WHY ARE THE AUSTRALIAN OPEN, FRENCH OPEN, WIMBLEDON AND THE US OPEN CALLED GRAND SLAMS?

In tennis, a singles player or doubles team is said to have achieved the Grand Slam if they succeed in winning all these four titles in the same year. These tournaments are therefore also known as the Grand Slam tournaments. The term was first used in 1933 by American journalist John Kieran. In describing the attempt that year by Jack Crawford to win all four titles, he compared it with "a countered and vulnerable grand slam in bridge".

WHAT IS TREE TRANSFER' IN FOOTBALL?

Every football player who plays for a club has a contract with the club for a particular period of time. After the contract expires and the player moves/transfers to another club, it is called free transfer because the latter does not have to pay the player's former club any amount of money.

WHERE WAS TWENTY 20 FIRST PLAYED?

The Twenty20 format of cricket was first played in 2003, in a match between England and Wales at Lord's in England. It drew a crowd of 26,500. The first international Twenty20 match was played between Australia and New Zealand in Auckland's Eden Park.

WHO WAS THE CAPTAIN OF INDEPENDENT INDIA'S FIRST CRICKET TEST TEAM?

The colourful cricket legend Lala Amarnath (1911-2000) was the first Test cricket captain of an independent Indian team. The first series he captained was against Australia, played in Australia in 1947-48. A brilliant all-rounder, he is best remembered as the first Indian to score a Test century in his debut match against England in Bombay in 1933. He was also the captain who led India to it’s first-ever Test victory and series victory in 1952- 53 when India and Pakistan played a series in India.

WHY IS THE WIMBLEDON DRESS CODE WHITE?

Traditionally, white is considered the colour of sport since it stands for purity. Since the Wimbledon Championships places great emphasis on tradition, it insists that players wear only white. Of course, thanks to some players' flamboyant outfits, most notably Andre Agassi, the all-white dress code was relaxed to "almost white".

WHO IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE FOOTBALLER?

In 2001, Zinedine Zidane transferred. From the Italian club Juventus F.C to Real Madrid of Spain , on a four-year contract. The transfer fee was $66 million, making him the most expensive, player in foot• ball history. The 34-year-old French captain, popularly known as Zizou, is considered one the greatest players of this generation. He has said that the 2(506 World Cup will be his last in competitive football. He is retiring from club football as well.

WHY DO THE SURFACES OF TABLE TENNIS RACQUETS HAVE DIFFERENT COLOURS?

IN FOOTBALL, WHY DOES THE BEST PLAYER WEAR NUMBER 10?

It's not that the best player in a team wears a number 10 jersey. It just happens so. Generally the manager and coach start numbering the formation, beginning from the goalkeeper and then defenders and so on. Accordingly, mostly midfielders or forwards have that number. It's completely according to strategies or formation.

HAS ANY GOALKEEPER EVER SCORED A GOAL DIRECTLY FROM HIS 18-YARD BOX?

Luis Martinez, a Colombian goalkeeper achieved this feat in a match against Poland on May 30, 2006 in a World Cup warm-up match with Poland.

WHAT'S THE HIGHEST SPEED RECORDED AT A FL EVENT?

The Grand Prix with the highest average speed was the 1971 Italian Grand Prix, won by Peter Gethin in a BRM at an average speed of 242.6 kph on the Monza circuit which at the time did not yet have any chicanes. Interestingly, a recent computer simulation suggested that current Formula. One car would achieve an average speed of well over 300 kph on the original circuit. In 1998, the fastest Grand Prix was the Italian, won by Michael Schumacher at an average speed of 237.591 kph.

HOW IS 'WALKING' DIFFERENT FROM "RUNNING' IN THE OLYMPICS?

In walking, the constraint is that at any frame of time you should always maintain contact with the ground. This can only be achieved when before lifting your rear foot you put the front foot on the ground. In running, there is no such constraint but the former method will slow you down compared to the latter. m running, you push your rear foot to get a leap even before your front foot has reached the ground, thus achieving greater speeds. In the walking marathon at the Olympics, foot contact is closely monitored and if the visual suggests the participant has not maintained continuous contact with the ground, it results in disqualification.

WHY IS AUSTRALIA CALLED OZ?

The word Australia when referred to informally with its first three letters becomes Aus. When Aus or toundfairult.

IN CHESS, WHY ARE THE PIECES IN BLACK AND WHITE, AND NOT IN ANY OTHER COLOUR?

It is for the sake of contrast. Although the colour of chess pieces may vary, the lighter colour is called 'white' while the darker colour is called 'black'. The players are called 'white players' and 'black players', depending on the colour of pieces they control.

WHAT DOES BMX STANDS FOR?

The full form of BMX is bicycle motocross. It is the sport of racing specially built bicycles on a rough, cross-country course that includes constructed obstacles. BMX wheels are much smaller in diameter than touring or hybrid wheels, and the frame is designed to be very small in relation to the size of the rider.

WHY IS AUSTRALIA REFERRED TO AS DOWN UNDER?

Australia is known as 'the land Down Under' for its position in the southern hemisphere. The discovery of Australia began when European explorers searched for a land under the continent of Asia. Before Australia was discovered, it was known as Terra Australis Incognita — the unknown southern land. Despite the term's wide usage, it is rarely used by Australians themselves, many of whom regard it with some derision.

WHERE DID ACROBATICS ORIGINATE?

Acrobatic traditions are found in many cultures. In the West, Minoan art from circa 2000 B.C. contains depictions of acrobatic feats on the backs of bulls, which may have been a religious ritual. In China, acrobatics have been a part of the culture since the Han Dynasty, over 2500 years ago. During the Tang dynasty acrobatics saw much the same sort of development as European acrobatics saw during the Middle Ages with court displays during the 7th through the 10th century dominating the practice. The first use of acrobatics as a specific sport was in (he Soviet Union in the 1930s, and the first world championships were in 1974.

WHICH IS THE WORLD'S RICHEST SPORTING BODY?

India's cricket board claims it's on track to becoming the richest sporting body in the world. Since Sharad Pawar took over as president of BCCI in November, supported by vice-president Lalit Modi, who is aggressively overseeing sales and marketing, and former BCCI president Inderjeet Singh Bihdra, the body claims it has already multiplied its income by eight times to about $1.5 billion.

WHEN DID WHITE RIVER RAFTING BECOME A SPORT?

Rafting or whitewater rafting is a recreational activity utilising a raft to navigate a river or other water bodies. This is usually done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water. In the 1970s, raiting was included in the Munich Olympics. In the 1990s, rafting was included in the Barcelona Olympics (1992) and Atlanta Olympics (1996). The International Federation of Rafting was instituted in 1997, and the first official International Championship was held in 1999.

WHICH IS THE NATIONAL GAME OF FRANCE?

France is one of the most sportsoriented countries in the world, considering that about two-thirds of the men and one-third of the women of France actively participate in at least one sport. Further, France hosts many prestigious international tournaments every year and France is one of the leading winners of gold medals in Olympics. Although a variety of sports and games are played and hosted by France, the most popular sports there are football, tennis, and cycling. Football has the maximum number of licensed players and is considered by many as the national game of France. However, cycling and tennis are also referred to as national games of France by some others.

WHICH IS THE OLDEST GRAND SLAM TITLE IN TENNIS?

The Wimbledon Championships, played on grass courts, is the oldest Grand Slam tournament. It began as an amateur event called the Lawn Tennis Championships. The first championship was held in 1877. The other three Grand Slams of tennis are the US Open that started in 1881, the French Open in 1891, and the Australian Open in 1905.

WHAT IS A DEAD BALL SITUATION IN FOOTBALL?

A dead ball situation in football is when the ball is not in motion. It is created whenever a foul is committed. A free kick is awarded to the respective team to whom the foul has been given. There should be a minimum distance of five yards between the ball and the player. Corner kicks as well as goal kicks are considered dead ball situations. The possibility of scoring a goal increases as the distance between the goal and the ball decreases in a dead ball situation.

WHY ARE ATHLETIC EVENTS HELD IN ANTI-CLOCKWISE DIRECTION?

As we know, the Earth rotates in the anti-clockwise direction, and hence, it is much easier to go around a circle in the anti-clockwise direction during sports meets, particularly athletic events. Therefore, all such events are held in the anti-clockwise direction.

WHICH IS THE WORLD'S OLDEST AND NEWEST FOOTBALL CLUB?

It is possible that a football-related organisation existed in London between 1421 and 1423. The records of the Brewers' Company of London, a guild, mention the hiring out of their hall 'by the football players' for 20 pence, under the heading 'Crafts and Fraternities'. The listing of football players as a fraternity is the earliest allusion to what might be considered a football club. There is evidence that in the 18th century, English cricket clubs regularly played football in the winter. It's been claimed that the Barnes Club (later Barnes Rugby Football Club), from Barnes in London, was formed in 1839. However, this has not been conclusively documented.

WHEN AND WHERE DID FIGURE SKATING ORIGINATE?

Figure skating began in the later part of the 19th century in Europe. An American ballet master Jackson Haines, who lived in Vienna in 1860s, added the elements of ballet and dance to figure skating. The first world championship for men was held in St Petersburg in 1896, followed by the women's championship in 1906.

WHAT'S THE MASCOT OF THE BEIJING OLYMPIC GAMES?

The mascots of the Beijing Olympic Games are Fuwa (five children). Fuwa, designed to express the playful qualities of five little children who form an intimate circle of friends, embody the natural characteristics of four of China's most popular animals — Beibe (the Fish), Jingjing (the Panda), Huanhuan (the Tibetan Antelope), Nini (the Swallow) and the Olympic Flame. When you put their names together — Bei Jing Huan Ying Ni, they say 'Welcome to Beijing'.

WHAT ARE THE SPECIAL OLYMPICS?

Special Olympics is an international organisation created to help people with intellectual disabilities develop self-confidence, social skills and a sense of personal accomplishment through sports training and competition. Among their other activities, Special Olympics conduct the Special Olympics World Games every four years. This year it is taking place in China.

WHAT IS A MASSE SHOT?

A masse shot, a term in billiards and snooker, is a technique that causes the cue ball to follow a curved path similar to a spin ball in cricket. The masse shot is accomplished by tilting the axis of the ball so that it spins to the inside of the desired curve, and against the grain of the felt. The forward direction of the ball is accomplished by the horizontal angle of the cue. The amount and direction of spin is achieved by the vertical angle and the point of contact. The force by which the ball is pushed is also decisive. The masse shot is an extremely complicated combination of physics that requires lot of concentration and practice.

WHAT IS A LOW ULTIMATUM GAME?

A low ultimatum game is money related game. A person can offer a sum of money on a non-negotiable basis to another. The person receiving the cash knows how much the other has and how much he is being given from the total pie. At times, even if the sum of money offered is high, some people re-fuse it for they feel they are being given a very small slice of the pie. Scientists are now correlating this seemingly irrational decision to the testosterone level in these men while taking this decision.

WHAT IS A PROGRESSIVE SCORE IN CHESS?

In chess tournaments, when two players end up with the same score on the final round, the tie needs to be broken for ranking purposes. Different systems of rating follow different rules for such tiebreaking, and the FIDE (Federation Internationale des Echecs) or the Worldwide Chess Federation system uses the cumulative progressive score. Progressive score in a round is the points obtained for the result in the current round plus the progressive score of the previous round if any In general, the system tends to reward early wins rather late wins.

IN WHICH YEAR WAS BILLIARDS FIRST PLAYED?

Though the origin of billiards is lost in history, an account by the Greek traveller Anacharsis suggests that a rudimentary version was played by Egyptians around 400 BC. This form was adopted by the Greeks. The word 'billiard' has its roots in the French words 'billart' meaning stick, and 'bille' meaning ball. In 1470, the first billiards table was found among the possessions of French king Louis XI. The earliest record of how the game was played was made in the 15th century It started as an indoor version of croquet. The Spaniards introduced billiards to the Americans in 1565. Shakespeare's use of the word 'billiards' in his playAnthony and Cleopatra shows that this sport was well known to the Elizabethans.

WHAT'S SPECIAL ABOUT EUROPASS FOOTBALL?

The EuroPass is the official football for UEFA Euro 2008. The adidas EuroPass combines tradition with modernity It has a new surface structure which allows players to have more control over the ball and direct it perfectly in all weather conditions. The PSC-Texture, which consists of fine structures on the outer surface, guarantees optimum grip between the ball and boot. The 12 black dots on the ball contain individual graphic elements which stand for passion, friendship, action, training, fans and winning goal. The name EuroPass symbolises the connection between Austria and Switzerland, the host countries of the tournament.

WHEN WAS THE FIRST TWENTY20 MATCH PLAYED?

Twenty20 cricket was first played in English domestic cricket in 2003, between England and Wales Cricket Board. The first international Twenty20 cricket match was played between Australia and New Zealand, on February 17, 2005 at Eden Park, Auckland. Australia defeated New Zealand by 44 runs.

WHEN WAS CHESS FIRST PLAYED AS AN INTERNATIONAL GAME?

Chess was played in 1851 in London as an international tournament. The tournament was conceived and organised by English player Howard Staunton, and marked the first time that the best chess players in Europe met in a single event. German Adolf Andersson won the 16-player tournament, earning him the title of the Best Player in Europe.

HOW IS A CRICKETER'S BATTING AVERAGE CALCULATED?

In cricket, a player's batting average is the total number of runs he has scored divided by the number of times he has been out. Since the number of runs a player scores and how often he gets out are primarily measures of his playing ability, and largely independent of his team mates, the batting average is a good statistic to describe an individual player's skill as a batsman. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, being approximately the average number of runs the batsman scores per innings.

WHO INVENTED THE BOARD GAME SNAKES AND LADDERS?

The board game, today called Snakes and Ladders, originated in ancient India, where it was known with the name Mokshapat or Moksha Patamu. It's not exactly known when or who invented it, though it's believed the game was played at a time as early as 2nd century BC. According to some historians, the game was invented by Saint Gyandev in the 13th century AD. Originally, the game was used asa part of moral instruction to chil dren. The squares in which ladders start were each supposed to stand for a virtue, and those housing the head of a snake were supposed to stand for an evil. The snakes outnumbered the ladders in the original Hindu game. The game was transported to England by the colonial rulers in the latter part of the 19th century, with some modifications. The modified game was named Snakes and Ladders and stripped of its moral and religious aspects and the number of ladders and snakes were equalized. In 1943, the game was introduced in the US under the name Chutes and Ladders.

WHAT IS A CARROM BALL IN CRICKET?

It is a form of bowling. The ball is held between the thumb, forefinger and the middle finger, and instead of a regular release, the ball is squeezed out of the fingers. It could result in an off-break, a leg-break, or a googly Like in carrom, one never knows where the ball will land.

WHO INVENTED THE BOARD GAME SNAKES AND LADDERS?

A complete Sanskrit name for Snakes and Ladders— 'Parama Pada Sopana Patam'— means the chart showing the ladder that leads to the ultimate state. Such blockprinted charts on rough paper were sold at fairs or marketstreets leading to the main doors of the temples of south India. An important aspect of the game is that when you get to the higher stage of spiritual attainment, only certain falls of the dice will entitle you to move to the next house, illustrating the difficulty of spiritual practice needed for attaining moksha, the ultimate release. The game was a way to teach the young, in an entertaining way, the principles of ancient Indian thinking on proper living.

WHO IS THE YOUNGEST OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALLIST?

The youngest individual Olympic gold medallist is Marjorie Gestring of the United States. She was 13 years and 268 days old when she won the gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, in the 3-metre springboard diving competition. As the 1940 and 1944 Olympics were not held due to World War II, she didn't get a chance to defend her title. An interesting aspect about her victory is that it was watched by Adolf Hitler. Marjorie Gestring was also included in the International Swimming Hall of Fame and a member of the Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame. She came back in the 1948 London Olympics. Danish swimmer Inge Sorensen won the bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke, aged 12 years, 24 days. She remains the youngest-ever competitor to win an Olympic medal in an individual event.

About the Author

please

Tags: article, camera 9, ebay, photography, Rare, source, source article, soviet camera, Todays Best Buys, vintage, want, zenit

Category: Todays Best Buys Tags: article, camera 9, ebay, photography, Rare, source, source article, soviet camera, vintage, want, zenit Comments off

Russian Soviet Camera

03 Mar 2010 by admin

Russian Soviet Camera

VOSKHOD Very Rare Russian Camera GOMZ LOMO EXC
Paypal

US $159.00

Smena 8m Russian LOMOGRAPHY LOMO Compact 35mm Camera
Paypal

US $14.99

Smena 8m Russian LOMOGRAPHY LOMO Compact 35mm Camera Box Manual
Paypal

US $19.99

NEW lens HELIOS 103 18 53 camera KIEV 2345 CONTAX
Paypal

US $24.00

FED 2 Soviet old Russian camera Leica copy
Paypal

US $44.00

NEW Kiev 88CM SOVIET RUSSIA RUSSIAN UKRAINIAN UKRAINE USSR Camera Lens
Paypal

US $444.44

Russian Soviet Film camera KIEV 4 35mm Rangefinder lens JUPITER 8M Contax Copy
Paypal

US $35.00

Russian Soviet Film camera ZORKI 5 35mm Rangefinder lens INDUSTAR 50 LEICA copy
Paypal

US $25.00

Russian Soviet Film camera KIEV 4A 35mm Rangefinder lens JUPITER 8M Contax Copy
Paypal

US $45.00

Marketing Practices Throughout the World

Marketing Practices throughout the World
Most of the contemporary business enterprises use marketing mix when establishing their marketing strategy. The four P's are: Product, which is cargo and passenger travel in the case, Place, which is worldwide, Price- determined by particular case and Promotion- involves many steps and techniques. The choice of marketing techniques may vary in the marketing of services from the marketing of products, but the basic principles and concepts of marketing are equally important and relevant in both. Basically selling is a micro function which means offering existing products at an agreed price. Often sales people do not control (although they may influence) the production level or quality. Marketing is a macro function, which, in addition to selling, is involved in many other tactical areas, such as: Collecting, storing and analyzing important information regarding markets, competition and future trends. Segmenting the market and identifying specific needs of different customers. Adjusting existing products and creating new products to suit the changing customer needs. Deciding on price levels acceptable to the customers and to the company (ensuring value for money to the customers and ensuring long-term profitability for the company) is another significant task of marketing people. Selecting suitable channels which can be used as 'pipelines', either to distribute the products to customers or attract customers to the products/services. In this paper we are going to analyze marketing practices of three different countries of various states of development: developed, developing and underdeveloped. We are going to use Canada, Russia and countries of Latin America as examples for our research.
People in today's global village are not defined by their ethnic origins any more than by their age or generation Contemporary marketing is, fundamentally, multicultural, as consumers live in a multicultural world. Multicultural marketing concentrates on learning about consumers rather than imposing definitions on them. Gone are the days (if they ever existed) when marketing could rely on sloganistic assumptions such as "generational," "ethnic" and "life cycle" uniformity. There may be generational, ethnic and life cycle aspects to a marketone may even argue that consideration of these is a necessary part of marketing researchbut one cannot argue that consideration of these aspects alone is sufficient.
Life cycle marketing, in contrast, holds that generations are not unique, that all behavior can be predicated by a person's age: It does not matter who you are, but merely how old you are. The limitations of both generational and life cycle marketing are most clearly shown when those who argue that the baby boom generation is uniquely defined, turn around and argue that as they age their behavior will follow life cycle patterns similar to those of previous generations. The reality of the marketplace is that consumers are defined by more than their age or the cohort they were born with. The consumer population of Canada has a diversity that is both wide and deep. One dimension of this diversity is ancestry based. Over five million Canadians, 18% of the population, were not born in Canada. Three percent of the population identify themselves as part of the aboriginal population, and 15% identify themselves as being part of a visible minority.
Only 64% of the Canadian population has a single ethnic origin, with 11% of British ethnic origin, 9% of French ethnic origin, and 43% of single ethnic origin other than British or French. Of the 36% of the population with multiple ethnic origins, 27% have at least one ethnic origin that is neither British nor French. Six and a half million people in Canada have some knowledge of languages other than English or French.
At first glance, this ancestry-based diversity may seem to offer support for what is often termed "ethnic" marketing, of approaching consumers as though their consumption patterns were solely defined by their ancestry. As with life cycle or generational marketing, ethnic marketing grossly oversimplifies the factors that determine consumer behavior: people, especially people in the global village, are not defined by their ethnic origins any more than they are defined by their age or their generation. What does determine people's consumer behavior is their uniqueness in terms of the combination of their heritage, ancestry, age, education, income, life experience and, fundamentally, their valueswhat they believe in. Consumer behavior is culturally defined, where culture means values, interests, life styles, beliefs and aspirations. In effective marketing, it is as important that someone is a vegan as it is that they were born in the 20-year period after the Second World War: that they crave power tools as it is that they were born in Guangzhou; that they are fiscal conservatives as it is that they are 26 years old.
Marketing must not only acknowledge the cultural foundation of consumer behavior, it must also acknowledge that people are multi-, not mono-, cultural. Consumers actively belong to many distinct groups of shared interests, moving fluidly back and forth across the myriad of cultural layers that define contemporary society. At one moment a person's behavior will be largely influenced by an ancestral context, in another by a peer context, in another by a career context and in another by chance. Today's consumers comfortably switch from hockey to hoops, hip-hop to classical, dim sum to doughnuts, rap to the Rankin Family, without the need of boundaries or borders.
Just as marketing was starting to be taken seriously across the financial-services sector, a dramatic shift in what constitutes marketing is underway. The marketing that banks had accepted and endorsed has changed. A straightforward application of the traditional "marketing mix," with the well-known "4Ps" - Product, Price, Place and Promotionis no longer sufficient in the financial marketplace of the 2000s. Instead, a new set of ideas has emerged, along with a new set of terms: individualized marketing, interactive marketing, relationship marketing and internal marketing. Banks can no longer be marketing-oriented; they must become market-oriented. To be marketing-oriented implies using a bag of promotional tricks to capture the bank consumer. To be market-oriented, on the other hand, banks must engage in dialogue with existing and potential customers. This requires bank services and approaches to be designed through close contact with the market.
It's estimated that the average consumer is bombarded with up to 3,000 advertising messages each day, and that they remember only 2-3% of these advertisements without prompting. All this competition and noise means that banks have to rethink their advertising strategies. One recent trend has been a shift to more print advertising. Although television remains important, as financial services have grown more complex, banks have been forced to use magazines and particularly newspapers to explain the details of their services.
Changing consumer demographics and lifestyles are another reason for the decline in the traditional marketing approach. Financial consumers no longer fall into neat, visible target groups. A rise in the number of women in the work force, more single-person households and the growing seniors population have caused significant marketing change. Today banks must cater to smaller and smaller market niches, and all these changes make mass marketing inappropriate. Associated with lifestyle is the availability of the most valued of all commodities: time. For most consumers, time seems to be continually shrinking. Bank customers want to be able to access their accounts through ABMs and phones, and use new mini-branches, drive-through tellers and boutique branches. This may in turn lead to saturation of the distribution channels.
To help address these changes and the move to relationship marketing, some experts argue that any future marketing strategy should draw on the base of knowledge and experience that already exists within a company, or in our case a bank. In other words, before attempting to develop an image and market position, a bank must look first to its strengths, its customers and its marketplace. Allied to knowledge-based marketing is experience-based marketing. This requires a bank to get close to the customer (an idea promoted by Peters and Waterman 10 years ago in In Search of Excellence). Close feedback about customer needs, competitors, and technology and marketplace characteristics keeps the marketing effort on target. When a bank has a firm handle on knowledge-based and experience-based marketing, it can develop its strategy and position its services in the market. Most important of all, however, is that bank marketing is no longer restricted to marketing specialists. It involves everyone within the bank.
Much of the mystery is now gone and this report is about a changed and a changing Russia. Our impressions of the Former Soviet Union and the Russian Federation were formed over 40+ years of the Cold War. These impressions are generally not very favorable, but we should not allow ourselves to remain influenced by them. Rather, we should now look at a country and a marketplace that is certain to have a profound effect on international business in the decade ahead. Spanning 11 time zones, Russia is the largest country on earth. With an area of 6.6 million square miles (almost twice the size of the United States) and 150 million people, Russia possesses the population base, the natural resources and the potential overall productivity to become an economy almost equivalent to the European Community.
In Russia, however, you will not see A-B split run testing, sophisticated mailing lists, fulfillment reports and analyses, direct response television, database and interactive marketing. Not yet. But you will see emerging forms of direct marketing to include elemental telemarketing, print and broadcast media planning, vertical positioning and back-end promotions. Russians are learning. They call it Bizness- Russians do not ordinarily make references to direct marketing. They have not yet had the time, the formal exposure, the training or competitive requirement to focus on the components of Bizness in which direct marketing applications have become so interwoven. That time is fast approaching, however, as direct marketing "sneaks up" on Russia- and the value added is recognized in fact and for what direct marketing can do.
It can be termed "stealth direct marketing" in that the Russians are currently practicing direct response advertising, without direct intention, in a form and a scope that will soon coalesce into more purposeful applications. Direct marketing will be upon Russia before they know it. It is happening now and applications are increasing rapidly. Most print and broadcast ads in Russia now carry or feature telephone numbers, encouraging the public to call them and to check on their product line and prices. The use of direct response is more prevalent both to accelerate feedback, as well as to improve and emphasize convenience. Russia's size, its widely scattered population centers and its rapid growth provide the necessary linkage for direct marketing. It is not simply a new Western concept- it is communications, efficiency, cost-effectiveness and marketing penetration and it is a necessity.
Direct marketing in Russia has not reached the point where there are esoteric discussions about predictability, media concentration, personalization or immediacy, but there is talk about reaching customers, response rates, acquisition costs and customer service. Marketing is a new (though not fully understood or appreciated) force in a new market. The marketplace that is Russia is clearly one of the biggest in the world with a dramatic and unfulfilled demand for consumer products and services. And direct marketing, as it is evolving, will help to propel the Russian economy forward.
Seen by many multinationals as a massive market with unrivalled scope for development, Latin America's potential can only be realized if economic uncertainties and piracy problems can be overcome. The mantra has been heard at trade shows, boardroom meetings and executive paw-wows for years: 'Keep watching Latin America. Keep watching Latin America.' The watch-and-wait attitude is now, by and large, over. Latin America is very much at the front of the multinationals' collective mind these days, thanks to robust sales, keen possibilities of crossover success both within and without the territory, and the feeling that the best is yet to come.
A regional economy is merging in the western hemisphere, and old stereotypes of poverty-stricken Latin Americans are out of date. Central and South American consumers are relatively sophisticated, and their culture remains different from the United States. Businesses can get on the right track by crossing national boundaries, targeting specific Latin groups, and taking their place in the New World's new order. Does your product have a money-back guarantee? In the United States, this is a tried-and-true way to get a customer's attention. But south of the Rio Grande, people simply don't believe such claims. Once they part with their money, they don't expect to get it back. Latin Americans are more likely than U.S. residents to believe celebrity endorsements, according to Roper Starch Worldwide. They are also more likely to believe the words "new and improved." They respond more positively to products labeled "the official" choice of a sports team, and they even like the old hidden camera trick. But only an average of 27 percent of consumers in the urban areas of Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, and Argentina believe money-back guarantees, compared with 49 percent in the United States.
As novelists Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Isabel Allende have written, people in Latin cultures believe that life is much more complex than it appears at first glance. This is an important lesson for U.S. marketers to learn in the 2000s. Trade policy, corporate economies of scale, immigration, and popular culture are pushing North America, Central America, and South America toward one big hemispheric marketplace. In the 2000s, the Monroe Doctrine has been replaced by Wal-Mart, the Internet, and MTV. The sometimes simplistic perceptions Norteamericanos have of Latin America obscure a complex reality. Yes, Latin America is home to the exotic landscapes and ancient civilizations of the Andes and the Amazon. But it is also home to the enormous and bustling cities of Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas, and Buenos Aires. Latin Americans enjoy a dynamic consumer economy that is being reshaped by new technologies and media- just as it is in the United States.
Marketers who want to expand into Latin America will have to learn new rules for a different world. While the United States is dominated by a bulging middle class, Latin America is an economic pyramid. Ten percent of the Latin population is in our top ranking of socioeconomic status. Thirty-five percent are in the middle, which is somewhat poorer than the middle class of the United States. And most Latin households are truly poor, especially by North-American standards. Look closer, however, and you will find many similarities between north and south. Latin America, like the United States, is struggling to integrate traditional values with new ideas and attitudes. Even the family, the traditional bulwark of this Catholic-dominated region, is not immune. Only half of Latin Americans surveyed are optimistic about the institution of marriage and family, which is similar to the response in the United States. Despite this pessimism, Latin Americans and North Americans both like to spend time with their families. It is the most popular leisure-time activity, cited by at least three-quarters of those surveyed in all countries.
Among those who don't stand by their brands, however, United States and Latin-American consumers diverge. In the United States, shoppers who are not brand-loyal typically choose from among two or three favorite brands. In Latin America, they are equally likely to look around for what seems to be the best deal at the moment. For example, 28 percent of United States consumers choose from two or three favorite brands of shampoo, while 22 percent look around for what seems best at the moment. In Brazil, however, 33 percent of urban shoppers go with what looks best at the moment, while only 17 percent buy from a standard list of favorites. These shopping patterns indicate that consumers' brand "menus" are less developed in Latin America. Northern marketers may have opportunities to add their brands to Latin Americans' shopping lists.
Consequently we see a common trend in marketing, which is leading marketing practices towards more national approaches. Each nation needs its particular marketing approach as we see it from the abovementioned three countries. There is no doubt that there are still some global influences and commonly accepted marketing strategies like for example direct marketing, that do touch and will in the closer future all places of the world, but there will always be necessary some adjustments according to the origins of the place the strategy is being applied to. All in all, in reality, there is no similarity in consumer behavior between a 54-year-old wine-loving heterosexual herbalist from Halifax and a 37-year-old gay vegan oil-patch worker from Hinton, Alta., yet both are supposedly part of the same baby-boom market. A 20-year generational cohort is far, far too wide to draw any practical conclusions about market behavior.
Produced by ProfEssays ( www.professays.com ) - professional custom essay writing service: custom essays, custom term papers, custom academic papers, custom research papers, compositions, book reports, case study. No plagiarism, high quality, prompt delivery.

About the Author

Produced by ProfEssays ( www.professays.com ) - professional custom essay writing service: custom essays, custom term papers, custom academic papers, custom research papers, compositions, book reports, case study. No plagiarism, high quality, prompt delivery.

Postmodernism as an Artistic Space. the Photographic World of Chezhin the Artist

black and white photography (and, latterly, colour photography) always emphasises the dividing line marking the intersection between time(s) and space(s), the intersection and interpenetration of today and yesterday, today and tomorrow - of my life and someone elseâ€™s. It points to the event experienced by a person (someone we know or donâ€™t know, myself, just someone, nature, or society as a whole) at the moment when my attention is directed at the rectangular frame recording that which has already been and gone and which is yet present in my life just so long as I am looking at (remembering) it.

Those who turn our life, the reality of our experience, into photographic images measure it as a news reporter does, give it aesthetic order as does a film director, and â€˜set upâ€™ frames to â€˜please the eyeâ€™ - just as the archivist who acts as custodian of the past. And yet sometimes subordination to the past (not to history, i.e. not to past time in the form of events) turns out to be too confining a role for the photographer and he becomes an Artist. An Artist who subordinates to himself and his will time, space, and the reality of time and space, directing the facial expressions of the main actors in his art - i.e. time (considered as a flow of passing moments) and events. In his hands the camera, negatives/positives, exhibits, and other tools of trade become instruments in the attainment of higher goals. This is how it was that at some point in his photographic career Andrey Chezhin became not a master of artistic photography or some particular genre of photography, but an artist uplifted by the coloured wings of the style of our age - that style which the critics love to slate, postmodernism.

Andrey Chezhinâ€™s reincarnation occurred in the not so distant past, against the background of historic events that had broken the consciousness of generations condemned to witness the change of course undergone by the giant ghost ship USSR-Russia as it turned from socialism to capitalism and from total paralysis of its executive structures to idiocy.

It was oÂnly natural that the consciousness of the photographer/artist-to-be should energetically throw off torpidity and slip out of its old skin. Simple recording of social reality accompanied by clicks of the camera shutter gave way to interest in staged photography and experiments with exhibits (sometimes as many as three or more). Furthermore, Chezhin needed a suitable object of investigation - complete with hands, legs, and heads etc.; and this, for lack of other candidates prepared to surrender themselves to the required extent, turned out to be the artist himself, ever obedient to and trustful of his own direction. It was at this time, at the end of the 1980s, that Chezhinâ€™s first composite works - Black Square (1988) and Red Square (1990) - made their appearance. These, of course, referred to Kazimir Malevich, a recent exhibition of whose works at the RussianMuseum had triumphantly signalled a new era in the history of art and, more specifically, the lifting of taboos oÂn interest in various stages in the development of 20th-century art.

Black Square and Red Square are, as already noted, composite works, each being made up of four parts. They were conceived by Chezhin not as a photographic series or a frame by frame sequence, as in film, but as structural works where each part is no more than a brick supporting the overall equilibrium of the entire structure. The main character here is man. In the first case, man is depicted with a black square oÂn his forehead/brain; in the second, he is shown taking off the fetters that bind him.

The first part of Red Square shows an individual standing upright with arms held out horizontally and legs placed wide apart. His figure is hemmed in (drawn round) at its extremities - which form the end points of a geometrical shape - by a line/rope which calls to mind Leonardoâ€™s quest for the â€˜golden sectionâ€™ in the proportions of the human body. The red square contains all the space whose contours are marked and defined by the rope-line; and the man is himself enclosed in this space. Then, in the next two parts of this work, he manages to free himself from the rope as his head, arms, and legs are liberated in turn, while, at the same time, the area of control exercised by the red square oÂn the surface of the photograph grows progressively narrower. Finally, in the last part of this work, the rope/measure is seen lying inside he artistâ€™s workshop oÂn a sheet of paper, within the red square. The viewer becomes a witness of how a cultural symbol - the â€˜red squareâ€™, Malevich, Suprematism, etc. - is transformed into a sociocultural oÂne: the man casts off the rope - which initially marks the contours of a star (head, arms, legs) - and liberates himself from the red, i.e. throws off ideology (the rope/fetters/red - a sign of danger, as we remember). The red is overcome; man is free.

It was at this time, i.e. at the end of the 1980s - to be more exact, in 1988 - that Chezhin embarked oÂn a series of self-portraits which is unfinished to this day. The artist photographs himself - with hair, without hair, with his wife, with a ruler; photographs his hands (in Erotica); photographs himself, himself, and himself. At the same time he started working oÂn â€˜typesâ€™ for his series Portraits (1990) and was continuing to record social reality (material that would be used in Pairs, a series executed in 1987-1990-1997).

Chezhinâ€™s absurd, significant, and meaningless staged photographs of nameless types/characters give off a powerful, unpleasant semiphysiological sense/memory of a past age of male and female functionaries and workers stamped with the distinctive marks of the limited, if not curtailed consciousness of social invalidism. Here Chezhinâ€™s photography emphatically avoids any attempt to convey the psychological state or mood of the subject; this is photography that stands outside pyschoanalysis or psychologism, outside any expression of the â€˜psychicalâ€™. These are still-lifes where things (objects) are credited with neither spirit nor personal time, nor personal experience or living space or â€˜physiognomyâ€™. Individuality has been ironed out, leaving oÂnly the overall characteristic grimace of types in socialist society. This is what they managed to achieve in the 70 years of Soviet rule. And Chezhin the artist here merely reflects the success enjoyed by the now deposed ideology in shaping the Soviet personality.

It is personality shaping that in my opinion is the subject of the series of works entitled Kharmsiada executed in 1995 for an exhibition called â€˜The absurd object. An exhibition of presents by St Petersburg artists to D. Kharms in honour of the 100th anniversary of his birthdayâ€™.

A brick face, facial features shorn off or sewn up with thread, a face transformed by a door handle or a drawing-pin: these and other pleasures associated with methods of forming â€˜new peopleâ€™ are used by Chezhin in this series to present a kind of handbook for incipient power-lovers or a diary of obedience - a warning to the â€˜massesâ€™, i.e. to precisely that material from which, it should be noted, all this is moulded. Man turns to plastic, Chezhin warns us, if he stops thinking and resisting the will outside him - if he forgets his own authenticity, essence, and individuality.

Especially interesting from this point of view is Chezhinâ€™s work oÂn the creation of his epoch-making The Life of Drawing-Pins, which comprises the series Album for Drawing-Pins and The Drawing-Pin and Modernism. The drawing pin and its fellows are, as it turns out, highly convenient main characters in instances taken from daily experience/recording, absurd situations supplied by the artist and the reality that surrounds him. The unitary nature of the hero of the piece gives Chezhin unprecedented freedom to destroy individuality while setting up his own mythologised drawing-pin world, absurd to the point of recognizability, and while allowing the viewer to reach the conclusion - oÂnly partly forced upon us by Chezhin himself - that â€˜we are all drawing-pins, my dear sirs ... â€™.

Chezhinâ€™s interest in personal expressions of humanity no doubt explains the constant use he makes of the genre of self-portraiture. Here we should observe a number of different stages in the artistâ€™s study of himself as a representative of the human and natural worlds and of reality itself: generalization; reduction to a common denominator; and individualization of the image (himself). Here there is no opposition set up between â€˜meâ€™ and â€˜theyâ€™. Chezhin is not concerned with asking himself â€˜me or someone else?â€™; instead, he is out to find an answer to the problem â€˜meâ€™ as â€˜theyâ€™. He studies man viewed statically - not in action and movement, but in the movement/change of time. What is important for him is the nature of man and the human body - not anatomy or anthropology as such, but man in his different dimensions, self-knowledge, and self-realizations (whether with a ruler or with or without hair).

The self-portraits of various different years, series, and cycles contain an element of play which comes out at transitional moments involving switches between, say, action/reality, artist/man, reality/photographic reality/artistic reality/deception/the reality of the artistâ€™s desire and of his creative effort and destiny.

In all the photographs in the series Self-Portraits (1988-1997), Andrey Chezhinâ€™s face is identical: the scarcely perceptible changes escape attention - even though Chezhin slips in, among the pile of material to be examined by the viewer, versions of himself both with and without hair. This deliberate recording of something intentionally, emphatically identical puts us oÂn edge, causes our eyes to slow and steady in their tracks ...

As Modernism and Postmodernism have developed art has frequently in oÂne way or another confronted and dealt with issues relating to time, space, and movement as process. Man, the human body and its parts, and the face as that which expresses and contains manâ€™s essence have been recurring subjects for all kinds of artists and an object of general art discourse. But the oÂnly example that comes to mind of an artist engaging in thorough self-examination and meticulous recording of himself, his â€˜Iâ€™, and his face as the image of that â€˜Iâ€™ dates to the 18th century and Mr. Rembrandtâ€™s self-portraits depicting mood, grimaces, etc.

For Chezhin the human being (the â€˜Iâ€™) is an object in changing time and changed temporal space (which is practically non-existent), where the emphasis is oÂn paradox, e.g. oÂn the non-obligatory, casual nature of a situation, oÂn the oÂne hand, and the significance of the moment recorded and its recording, oÂn the other.

Another feature of Andrey Chezhinâ€™s interest in man (himself; the â€˜Iâ€™ of his self-portraits) is the self-sufficient way in which, quite independently of everything external, the â€˜Iâ€™ dissolves in a second personâ€™s world and that other personâ€™s world dissolves in the â€˜Iâ€™ (here I could mention the three 1991 series called Your-mine, where female and male elements merge into a unified â€˜Iâ€™). Here the â€˜Iâ€™ is the artistâ€™s â€˜Iâ€™ and that of his wife. The viewer is presented with a conflict-free interpenetration of the male and that which has its beginning in woman, in nature. In Chezhinâ€™s work the self-portrait and depiction of man is an inexhaustible topic with many typical features. oÂne other such feature is Chezhinâ€™s use of sociocultural signs and their symbolic resonances - e.g. the red square, the black square, the rope, man, a recognizable urban landscape.

Chezhinâ€™s series of self-portraits present life as a series of changes in the artist. His multi-part work of self-observation Calendar (1990-1991) depicts a series of situations/days/incidences - in other words, routine daily life, - examining the idea of temporal changes experienced by a static subject in a situation where measurement of the passing of time is veiled. These works grow in time, with time, and with the artist.

In every structure/work created by Andrey Chezhin social reality undergoes change and there is a movement from state to state, a sliding before and after, an imperceptible movement from edge to edge. The series Pairs (1987-1997), for instance, comprises sheets composed in 1997 from pairs of snap photographs taken over the period 1987-1990. Together, they form a collection of works that are sign-like and legible. Their meaning is accessible oÂn the basis of associations and sensations as Chezhin exploits mechanisms of perception, alogism, absurdity, logic, and direct and reverse sense-formation. Take, for example, the sheet Why am I not Fond of Moscow? At the top of this piece Chezhin has placed a photographic trick - a superimposition of oÂne of Chechulinâ€™s skyscrapers and a spreading birch tree. At the bottom, under the beautiful pattern formed by the branches of a shrub, a dead dog is seen lying oÂn the ground. What could give a clearer or more expressive impression of the artistâ€™s lack of fondness for this city? The double denials, the absurd semantic situations, the fidelity of the image to reality, and the plastic coincidences /references: all this explodes correct, logical reasoning and judgement and finds an echo in the tonally correct way in which these pairs are perceived by the viewer. This is true of other sheets in the series too.

In his composite, multi-structure, cyclical work Transformations (1991-1997; cyclical in as much as a repetitive rhythm of beginning-end, beginning-end runs throughout) Chezhin sets up horizontal rows/films/moments. The heroes of these films are unchanging; what changes is the space around them, their surroundings, and the conditions governing the game or existence in which they are taking part. For example, Chezhin photographs the granite sphere oÂn the spit of Vasilâ€™evsky Island from all sides. And, seen from every side, the sphere is a sphere, but the space in which it is set changes dramatically round about - from ripples oÂn water to architectural landscape.There could be no better illustration of Matyushinâ€™s theory of â€˜expanded lookingâ€™. Or take the sequence of clocks(street mechanisms/objects) photographed at particular moments in time. Here the main character is time and its attributes - dials, hands, and the structures that encase clock mechanisms. Or the subject could be seen as a film sequence: road-legs-road. And so oÂn. In this composite work each line is a question whose resolution is possible oÂnly for the given artist; a question/problem, moreover, which is to be dealt with not so much by resolving it as by living it through. Here you will find all the eternal questions posed by art in the 20th century: identification of oÂneself and the world in oÂneself; cognition of oÂneself and the outside world; examination of the basic categories for constructing (and creating) the reality of oÂneâ€™s embodiment; the main questions of life and eternity; play in accordance with the laws of existence and contexts for such play; incidentalness and regularity. Finally, this work succeeds in personifying a sense of change in time and space and in space in time.

The photographic world created by the photographer and artist Andrey Chezhin likewise has room for the art of the comic strip, for a physiognomic constructor, for St Petersburg-as-city-and-text, and for geometric studies a la Esher. This world is vast, paradoxical, sometimes alogical (from the point of view of the ordinary person) - but fascinating. It is a space that acts like a vortex: you oÂnly have to take the first step in its direction, become a little interested, and you find yourself unable to stop looking, you lose your way out as you blunder about the labyrinth of the artistâ€™s consciousness, jumping from level to level, from oÂne series of works to another, colliding with enigmas, laws, traps set by the carefully watching artist - and you gradually come to realize that the main hero of Chezhinâ€™s works is time. Time for him is an important category by which we get to know - and record - the world. It divides into seconds, moments, instants, units of experience. Time sets like a sticky, viscous mass or flows freely like a homogeneous substance - liquid, elastic, fluid. In the Self-Portraits of 1988-1997 time is an existential substance, an attribute of history and of the historical development of society and of man as representative of this society and as a part of its culture. The artist is able to move about in time; and this becomes oÂne of the ludic features of his work (the presence of the physical in real and non-real space; the artistâ€™s almost comic right to choose his own contemporaries - and their deeds - for himself). Likewise, he is able to impose simultaneity oÂn events which are separated in time, as in the works Group Self-Portrait (1994) and Visiting Bulla (1994).

Time for Andrey Chezhin is expressed in specific objects. In his hands it is something with clearly marked, definite boundaries. These boundaries, though, are in the dimension not of man, but of history, in the specific time/happening of a given event in the history of this country and in abstract time in general, in the archaic, timeless, stagnant changelessness of manâ€™s presence in the world as he sets about discovering his own dimension. For Chezhin even today time is divided up into the smallest elements/units that flash past seen through a train window or oÂn the screen of a television, computer, or other chronometric miracle of the kind that devours human time, genius, and intuition.

It is the movement of time that defines the characteristic space of Chezhinâ€™s works. In them space is real at every unit of time, but unreal, phantasmagoric, spectral at each post-unit of time-after-this-moment.

Space perceived, experienced, and recorded by equipment and man during the passing of time is in the power of the artist. This space changes at every moment of the advance of time, at every moment that this time is experienced by man, through the experiencing of this time in this space. The artist confronts the viewer not with the deformation of space, but with space that is changed over an extensive stretch of time.

There is nothing accidental in Chezhinâ€™s choice of compositional structure for his works. As a rule, they are composite structures that show man through multiplicity (e.g. Group Portrait or Transformations). The framework of these pieces is a living structure whose active influence is felt oÂnly when its various elements form a semantic, plastic link with oÂne another. This link then becomes sensible; the elements of the structure feed and fuel oÂne another.

Time, space, man, object, play are the perpetual engines that drive the Petersburg photographer Andrey Chezhinâ€™s interest in attaining an equilibrium in the relation between â€˜the external worldâ€™ andâ€˜the world in oÂneselfâ€™. The artist uses his craft and photography as instruments. The photographer Andrey Chezhin is an artist of the end of the 20th century, the heyday of Postmodernism.

About the Author

Mariya Sheynina (Terenya), member of the International Association of Art Critics (Russia);

Translated by John Nicolson;

Published by www.amassart.com